A user has a ₦100,000 loan, 6 months in, with 6 months left at 24% APR. They lost their job. You restructure: extend the tenor by 12 months and cut the rate to 12% APR for the remaining balance. Under IFRS 9, this is potentially a SUBSTANTIAL MODIFICATION, meaning you derecognise the original loan and book a new one at fair value. If it's only a MINOR modification, you adjust the carrying amount and book a modification gain/loss. The line between the two is a 10% NPV test. This lesson walks the minor-mod path: NPV of new cash flows came out at ₦92,000 vs the carrying amount of ₦95,000, a ₦3,000 modification loss flows to P&L.